#LIGHTNING BUG CODE#

In this chapter, an enhanced version of firefly algorithm, which is based on the social behaviours of fireflies while communicating with each other, to prevent it from confinement in a local optima is presented in order to obtain the optimum design of various types of steel constructions under code provisions that such problem is categorized as discrete nonlinear programming problem. To this end, metaheuristics have been effectively utilized as an instrument of achieving the optimal structural designs. The traditional gradient-based mathematical methods are not sufficient to solve those tedious design problems. Hence, a variety of structural optimization methods have been developed to solve these complex engineering problems. So then, the steel structural engineers perform minimum weighted designs in order to select the optimum one among the feasible designs within the provision limits. Thus, not only the construction is to be designed as safely carrying the calculated design loads limited to the structural provisions, but also the minimum level of material is to be used. So, the design of the structures as to be safe and at the same time economical is the main aim of the designers. The philosophy of structural engineering is the consideration of safety, economy and aesthetics in fundamentally meeting the requirement for sheltering. In order to speed up taxonomic identification, DNA barcoding is now been considered as an alternative tool for insect biodiversity identification in India and the World.

With the recent advancement in science, the new method called DNA barcoding, a tool of DNA-based taxonomy is used to identify known and unknown species on the basis of the pattern of nucleotide arrangement in a fragment of DNA from target species.

Several biodiversity indices were used to study the species richness in the area. So, there is increasing need for taxonomic information and services in our society, particularly for biodiversity assessment for attaining an environmentally sustainable future. Insect biodiversity has a significant role in the maintenance of the ecosystem. Insects are becoming extinct because of habitat loss, over-exploitation, pollution, overpopulation and the threat of global climatic changes. The diversity of insects is greater in the northeastern states, the Western Ghats and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and these areas also have a high level of endemism. Current estimate shows that out of nearly 63,760 species of insect species in India, about 21,166 species are endemic. India is one among the twelve mega biodiversity countries of the world, constitute nearly 7% of the world insect fauna. Insects are the world's most diverse group of animals on Earth, in terms of both taxonomic diversity and ecological function accounting 75 % of the known species of animals.Approximately 30 million species are found worldwide, of which about 1.4 million have been briefly described.Less than 3% of all species of insects have aquatic stages in some freshwater biotopes.

Lightning bug